Pattern of periodic 4 exam to be held in september

 The question paper will have two sections  (1)objective google form 

(2) subjective which contains  short answers ,long answers , diagrams ,reasoning etc 

start preparing accordingly.

 All the students start preparing for periodic to be held in September 

High Order questions from Reproduction class 10th

 Question.1 In a bisexual flower, in spite of the young stamens being removed artificially, the flower produces fruit. Provide a suitable explanation for the above situation.

Answer. Removal of stamens of a bisexual flower will not affect pollination of its intact pistil and formation of fruit. Cross-pollination has occurred leading to fertilisation.

 Question. 2 Can you consider cell division as a type of reproduction in unicellular organism? Give one reason.
Answer. Yes, because cell division in a unicellular organism results in the formation of two daughter cells which means it produces more individuals of the organisms.

Question.3 Explain how, offspring and parents of organisms reproducing sexually have the same number of chromosomes.
Answer. The parents are diploid (2n) as each of them has two sets of chromosomes. They form haploid (1n) male and female gametes through the process of meiosis. The haploid gametes have one set of chromosomes. Since, these two gametes fuse during fertilisation, the original number of chromosomes is restored in the offspring.

Question. 4 Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water, but multiply in sugar solution. Give one reason for this.
Answer. Energy is essential for any activity in living organisms. Sugar provides this energy for sustaining all life activities in yeasts. In water, it fails to reproduce because of inadequate energy in its cells. So, colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water but multiply in sugar solution.

Question. 5 Why does bread mould grow profusely on a moist slice of bread rather than on a dry slice of bread?
Answer.Bread mould require moisture and nutrients for its growth. A moist slice of bread contains both moisture and nutrients hence, it grows profusely as compared to a dry slice of bread which contains only nutrients but no moisture.

Question. 6 Give two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by sexual reproduction.
Answer.

1.  In sexual reproduction, two parents have different sets of characters.
2. Gene combinations are different in gametes.

Question. 7 In tobacco plant, the male gametes have twenty four chromosomes. What is the number of chromosomes in the female gamete?
What is the number of chromosomes in the zygote?
Answer. The number of chromosomes in the female gamete is 24. The number of chromosomes in the zygote is 48.

Question. 8 Is the chromosome number of zygote,
embryonal cells and adult of a particular organism always constant? How is the constancy maintained in these three stages?
Answer. Yes, the chromosome number of zygote, embryonal cells and adult of a particular organism is always constant.
The constancy is maintained because the cells in all these three structures undergo only mitotic divisions.

Question. 9 How are general growth and sexual v maturation different from each other?
Answer. General growth is the growth of different types of developmental process in the body like increase in height, weight gain, changes in shape and size of the body.
Sexual maturation is a set of changes in body of an individual at puberty like cracking of voice, new hair patterns, development of breast in female, etc.

Question. 10 What would be the ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote? How is the sperm genetically different from the egg?
Answer. The ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its zygote is 1: 2.
Sperm is genetically different from the egg in the way that it contains either X or Y chromosome whereas, an egg always contains an X chromosome.

Long Answer Questions

Question. 11 Distinguish between a gamete and zygote. Explain their roles in sexual reproduction.
Answer.

Gamete	Zygote
(i) It is germ cell that takes part in fertili­sation.	(i) It is a product of fertilisation.
(ii) There are two types of gametes – male and female.	(ii) Zygote is of one type.
(iii) A gamete has haploid or In chromosome number	(iii) Zygote has diploid or 2n chromosome number.
(iv) A gamete carries characteristics of only one parent.	(iv) It carries characteristics of both the parents.
(v) Gamete is the last cell of its generation.	(v) It is the first cell of new generation.

Role of Gamete in sexual reproduction — Gamete is the sex or germ cell specialised to take part in sexual reproduction. Fusion of male gamete with a female gamete produces a zygote. Role of Zygote in sexual reproduction — Zygote develops into embryo that later forms the new individual.

Question. 12 What is placenta? Mention its role during pregnancy?
Answer. Placenta is a special tissue that develops between the uterine wall and the embryo (foetus).
The role of placenta during pregnancy is as follows:

1.  Placenta attaches the foetus to uterine wall.
2.  It possesses villi that increases the surface area for fixation and absorption.
3.  It facilitates the passage of nutrition and oxygen to embryo from mother through blood.
4.  Waste substances produced by embryo (foetus) are removed through placenta into mother’s blood.

Question. 13 How does fertilisation take place? Fertilisation occurs once in a month. Comment.
Answer. Fertilisation takes place in the following ways:

1. The sperm enters through the vaginal passage during sexual intercourse and moves upward.
2. Egg released from the ovary reaches the oviduct.
3. Sperm encounters egg in the oviduct and fertilisation takes place. Fertilisation occurs once in a month because egg is released by female ovary once every month in the middle of menstrual cycle

Assignment on Sexual reproduction

 Question Draw a longitudinal section of a flower and label the following parts:

(i) Part that produces pollen grain.
(ii)Part that transfers male gametes to the female gametes.
(iii) Part that is sticky to trap the pollen grain.
(iv) Part that develops into a fruit.
Answer.

Question. (a) Explain the role of placenta in the
development of human embryo.
(b) Give example of two bacterial and two viral sexually transmitted diseases. Name the most effective contraceptive which prevents spread of such diseases.
Answer.
(a) Role of placenta in the development of human embryo: A special tissue develops between the uterine wall and the embryo (foetus) called placenta, where exchange of nutrients, glucose and oxygen takes place. The developing embryo will also generate waste substances which can be removed by transferring them into the mother’s blood through the placenta. The development of the child inside the mother’s blood takes approximately nine months.
(b) Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) transmitted by bacteria are:
(i) Gonorrhoea (ii) Syphilis
STDs transmitted by virus:
(i) AIDS (ii) Genital warts
The most effective contraceptive which prevents the spread of these diseases is by the use of mechanical barriers such as physical devices like condoms.

What does HIV stand for? Is AIDS an infectious disease? List any four modes of spreading AIDS.
Answer. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Yes, AIDS is an infectious disease.
Four modes of spreading AIDS are as follows:
(i) By having sexual contact with an infected person.
(ii) By the transfusion of blood from an infected person.
(iii) Through infected needles used for injection.
(iv) Through the placenta from the mother to child during pregnancy.

Question.34 Expand AIDS. List any four methods of prevention (control) of AIDS.
Answer. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
Four methods of prevention or control of AIDS are as follows:
(i) Use condom during sex.
(ii) Avoid sharing of needles.
(iii) Test blood for AIDS before transfusion.
(iv) Avoid sexual contact with unknown person.

Question.35 (a) List any four reasons for adopting contraceptive methods.
(b) If a woman is using Copper-T, will it help in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases? Why? 
Answer. (a) Four reasons for adopting contra¬ceptive methods are:
(i) To increase the gap between, two children.
(ii)To prevent unwanted preg¬nancy.
(iii)To prevent transmission of STDs.
(iv)To control population growth. (b) If a woman is using a copper-T,
it will not help in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases. Copper-T prevents only implantation in the uterus.

Question.36 Explain the following methods of contraception giving one example of each:
(i) Barrier method
(ii) Hormonal imbalance method
(iii) Surgical method.
Answer.
(i) Barrier Method: In this method, physical devices such as condoms, diaphragm and cervical caps are used. These devices prevent the entry of sperm in the female genital tract during copulation, thus acting ‘ as a barrier between them.
(ii) Hormonal Imbalance Method: In
this method, specific drugs are used by females, which are of two types: oral pills and vaginal pills.
Oral pills contain hormones which stop the ovaries from releasing ovum into the fallopian tube. These pills are also called oral contraceptives (OCs) which act by changing the hormonal balance of the body so that eggs are not released and fertilisation cannot occur. The use of Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices (IUCDs) prevents implantation in the uterus. This device is copper-T placed safely inside the uterus by a doctor or nurse.
(iii) Surgical Method: In this method, a small portion of vas deferens in male and the fallopian tube in ‘ female is surgically removed or tied. It is called vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females. In this case, if the vas deferens in male is blocked, sperm transfer will be prevented and if the fallopian tube in the female is blocked, the egg will not be able to reach the uterus, thus fertilisation will not take place.

Sexual reproduction important notes

 Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction in plants, Sexual reproduction in human beings. The mode of reproduction that takes place with the involvement of two individuals of two different sexes i.e. male and female.

During sexual reproduction, male organism having male sex organs produces male gametes i.e. sperms which are small and motile and the female organism having female sex organs produces ova which are generally large and store food. Male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote that grows into a new organism.

Significance of Sexual Reproduction :

• Sexual reproduction involves DNA as well as cellular apparatus of two different organisms which promotes diversity of characters in the offspring.
• Since gametes are derived from two different organisms, it results in a new combination of genes which increases the chances of genetic variations.
• Sexual reproduction results in the origin of. new species.
• Sexual reproduction involves division in the sex organs that reduces the DNA matter to half so that the zygote formed after fusion has the same amount of DNA as the parents it maintains DNA in a species.

• Limitation of Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction involves the process of combining DNA from two different organisms which may bring some undesirable features also.

  Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

  • The reproductive parts are present in the flower.
  • The parts of the flower are sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.
  • Sepals are green structures that protect the inner parts when the flower is in bud stage.
  • Petals are colourful and attract the insects for pollination.
  • Stamens are male reproductive parts and produce pollen grains that contain male gametes. Each stamen has two parts—
  • Filament i.e. stalk and Anther i.e. swollen top part which has large number of pollen grains.

  
  The carpel is the female reproductive part and produces ovules that contain female gametes. It has three parts—Stigma which is top sticky part and receives pollen grains during pollination. Style which is the middle long part and ovary which is the swollen part and contains ovules. Each ovule has an egg cell i.e. female gamete.
  
  The flowers may be bisexual i.e. having both stamens and carpels for example; Mustard China Rose (Hibiscus).
  The flower may be unisexual i.e. paving either stamens or carpels for example; Papaya, Watermelon.

  Pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grains from an anther to the stigma of the flower is pollination. Two types of pollination are:
  (i) Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same plant.
  (ii) Cross-pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower or another flower of a different plant of the same species. It generally takes place with the help of some agents like insects, birds, wind and water.
  

  Fertilization: Fertilization is the process of fusion of male and female gamete to form a zygote during sexual reproduction. Pollination is followed by fertilisation in plants. The events are
  Pollen grains land on the stigma of the ovary.
  Pollen tubes grow out of the pollen grains, travel through the style and reach the ovary, through micropyle.
  Pollen tube has two male germ cells. Each ovule has two polar nuclei and a female germ cell (egg).

  Pollen tube releases two male germ cells inside the ovule, one of them fuses with female germ cell and forms a zygote which grows into the baby plant i.e. embryo, the fusion is known as syngamy. The other male germ cell fuses with two polar nuclei, the process is known as triple fusion. So in flowering plants two fusions take place during fertilisation. It is called double fertilisation.
  

  Post-fertilisation changes: After fertilisation the following changes takes place in the flower.
  Zygote divides several times and forms an embryo inside the ovule.

  • The ovule develops a tough coat and changes into the seed.
  • The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit.
  • Petals, sepals, stamens, style and stigma shrivel and fall off.

  Seed and its parts: The advantage of seed is that it protects the future plant i.e. embryo.

  Seed has two parts: Cotyledons and Embryo Cotyledons store food for the future plant.

  Embryo has two parts: plumule and radicle. Plumule develops into shoot and radicle develops into root.
  The process of development of a seedling from the embryo under appropriate conditions is known as germination.
  

  Reproduction in Human Being: Human beings show sexual reproduction. Male parent produces male gametes called sperms. Female parent produces female gametes called ova. Sperms have tail and are therefore, motile. They are produced in large numbers in the testes. Ovum is bigger, non-motile and only one ovary produces one ovum in one month. There is no food stored in the sperms whereas ova contain stored food. Both the gametes are microscopic unicellular and have half the number of chromosomes as compared to the body cells.

  Human beings become reproductively active from the onset of puberty. Puberty is the period during adolescence when the rate of general body growth begins to slow down and reproductive tissues begin to mature. Onset of puberty in human males is between 11 to 13 yrs of age, while in human females is between 10 to 12 yrs. of age. Puberty is associated with many physical, mental, emotional and psychological changes in boys and girls which occur slowly over a period of time. These are called secondary sexual characters. For instance thick dark hair start growing in new parts of the body such as arm pits and genital area between the thighs. Thinner hair appear on legs, arms and face. Skin becomes oily and pimples may appear on the face. Individuals become more conscious of their bodies become more independent, more aggressive etc.

  In case of boys beard and mustache start appearing, voice begins to crack, reproductive organs develop and start producing releasing sperms.
  In case of girls, breast size begins to increase, skin of the nipples darkens, menstruation starts.
  The act of mating between the male and female partner is termed as copulation.

  Male Reproductive System: Male reproductive system consists of the following components
  

  • 1 pair of testes
  • A system of ducts
    • Epididymis
    • Vas deferens or the sperm duct
    • Urethra
  • A system of glands
    • Seminal vesicles
    • Prostrate gland
    • Cowper’s gland
  • A copulatory organ called a penis.

  One pair of testes are present in a bag-like structure called scrotum which lies outside the abdominal cavity, hence they are extra abdominal in position. This is so because the testes have to be maintained at 1-3 degree lesser temperature than the body in order to produce functional sperms.

  Functions of testes

  • To produce male gametes i.e. the sperms.
  • To produce a male reproductive hormone called testosterone which is responsible for producing sperms as well as secondary sexual characteristics in males.

  Attached to each testis is a highly coiled tube called epididymis. The sperms are stored here and they mature in the epididymis.
  Each epididymis leads into the sperm duct or the vas-deferens. Each vas-deferens rises up and enters into the abdominal cavity. It unites with the duct coming from the urinary bladder to form a common duct called urethra which passes through the penis and opens to the outside. Along the way the ducts of the three glands also open and pour their secretions into the vas deferens.

  Function of the vas-deferens: It is meant for the passage of the sperms in the male body.

  Functions of the glands: They produce different secretions which provide nutrition as well as medium for locomotion to the sperms.
  The secretions of the three glands along with the sperms is known as semen.

  Function of the urethra: It is the common passage for both semen and urine from the body to. the outside.

  Penis: It is the organ which is used to introduce semen into the female body. It is richly supplied with blood vessels.

  Female Reproductive System: It consists of the following components
  

  • 1 pair of ovaries
  • 1 pair of fallopian tubes or oviducts
  • A uterus/womb
  • A vagina/birth canal.

  Each ovary is almond shaped and present inside the abdominal cavity. At the time of birth each girl child already contains thousands of immature ova. These ova start maturing only from the time of puberty. Only one ovum is produced by one ovary in one month and each ovary releases an ovum in alternate months. The release of an ovum from the ovary into the abdominal cavity is known as ovulation.

  Functions of ovary

  • To produce and release ova
  • To produce female reproductive hormones: estrogen and progesterone.

  There are two fallopian tubes. The end lying close to the ovary has finger like structures called fimbriae. The two fallopian tubes unite to form an elastic bag like structure called uterus.

  Function of the fallopian tubes: It is the site of fertilization between the male and the female gametes and formation of the zygote early embryo.
  The inner lining of the uterus is richly supplied with blood vessels and is known as endometrium. The narrow end of the uterus is called cervix.

  Function of the uterus: The embryo formed in the fallopian tube comes down and gets attached to the endometrium (implantation) and develops for the next nine months till the baby is delivered.

  Vagina: The uterus opens into the vagina through the cervix. The vagina is a muscular tube through which the baby is delivered at the end of nine months. It also serves as the canal for receiving the semen at the time of copulation.

  The semen is discharged into the vaginal tract during copulation. The sperms travel upwards and reach the fallopian tube where one sperm fuses with the ovum to form the zygote. The zygote divides and redivides as it descends into the uterus and the embryo gets implanted in the endometrium. The endometrium thickens so as to receive the embryo.

  The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue called placenta, which is a disk-like structure embeded in the uterine wall. It contains finger-like villi on the embryo side, while on the mother’s side blood spaces surround the villi. Villi provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to the developing embryo and the wastes to pass from the embryo to the mother through the placenta. When the embryo starts resembling a human is formed, it is termed as a foetus. The foetus continues
  to develop inside the uterus for almost nine months after which the baby is delivered as a result of rhythmic contractions of the uterine muscles.

  Menstruation: It is the loss of blood, mucous along with the unfertilized ovum and the ruptured cells and tissues of the endometrium through the vagina of the female. It is a 28-day cycle which occurs in every reproductively active female (from puberty). The flow of blood continues for 2 to 8 days. If the ovum does not get fertilized, then the endometrium starts sloughing off and there is loss of blood and mucous etc. through the vagina. In case the ovum gets fertilized, then the endometrium becomes thick and spongy for nourishing the embryo and hence menstruation does not occur. A lady with a developing embryo in her womb is termed as pregnant. The beginning of menstruation at puberty is known as menarche. The stopage of menstruation when the woman is 45-55 yrs of age is called menopause.

  Reproductive Health: Sexually transmitted diseases and birth control.
  A number of diseases occur as a result of sexual intercourse if one of the partners is infected. These are known as sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s). They can be caused by bacteria for example; syphilis, gonorrhoea; or caused by a virus for example; HIV-AIDS, warts etc. The transmission of these diseases can be avoided by using birth control measures such as wearing a condom during the sexual act.

  Birth control measures: They can be mechanical, chemical and surgical.

  Mechanical methods: These are used to prevent the passage of semen to the follopian tube :
  (i) Use of condoms: Condoms are thin rubber tubes worn over the penis before sexual intercourse. The semen gets collected in this and is not discharged into the vagina.
  (ii) Diaphragm: It is a thin rubber fixed over a flexible metal ring which is fitted over the cervix in a woman’s body by a doctor.
  (iii) Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) or loop: It is inserted in the uterus and its insertion causes certain secretion which prevents the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall.
  Both methods (ii) and (iii) cause side effects.
  

  Chemical methods

  • Use of spermicides: These are strong sperm-killing chemicals available in the form of creams, jellies etc. which are injected into the vagina just before copulation.
  • Oral contraceptive pills: These are hormonal pills which prevent ovulation but do not stop menstruation.

  Surgical methods

  • Vasectomy: It involves cutting and ligating the vas deferens in males.
  • Tubectomy: It involves cutting and ligating Reproductive organs the fallopian tubes in females.
  • Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) or abortions is carried out to eliminate the developing embryo. This practice can, however, be misused to carry out female foeticide which involves the killing of the female foetus. It should be avoided at all cost as it disturbs the male-female ratio in a population.

• 
  

class X assignment on sexual reproduction

 

Question. 1(i) What is fertilisation? Distinguish between external fertilisation and internal fertilisation.

(ii) What is the site of fertilisation in human beings?
Answer.
(i) Fertilisation is defined as the fusion of a male gamete (sperm) with a female gamete (an ovum or egg) to form a zygote during sexual reproduction.

Question.2 Define the terms unisexual and bisexual giving one example of each.
Answer. Unisexual is the plant whose flowers contain either stamens or carpels but not both. Example: Papaya, Watermelon.
Bisexual is the plant whose flowers contain both stamens and carpels. Example: Hibiscus, Mustard.

Question.3 Differentiate between ‘self-pollination’ and ‘cross-pollination’. Describe double fertilisation in plants.
Answer.

During fertilisation in plants, the following events take place:
(i) One of the male gamete fuses with the female gamete present in the embryo sac.
(ii) The other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei in the embryo sac.
The first fusion product gives rise to the zygote while the second one forms the endosperm.
The process of two fusions occurring in the embryo sac is called double fertilisation.