Assignment 5 for 10th
Q1 Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Q2 Draw labelled diagram of human respiratory system.
Respiration
The process by which a living being utilizes the
food to get energy is called respiration. Respiration is an oxidation reaction in which carbohydrate is oxidized
to produce energy. Mitochondrion is the site of respiration and the energy released is stored in the form of ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate). ATP is stored in mitochondria and is released as per
need.
a.
Breaking down glucose
into pyruvate: This step happens in the cytoplasm. Glucose molecule is broken
down into pyruvic acid. Glucose molecule is composed of 6 carbon atoms, while
pyruvic acid is composed of 3 carbon atoms.
b.
Fate of Pyruvic Acid:
Further breaking down of pyruvic acid takes place in mitochondria and the
molecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a particular organism. Respiration is of two types, viz. aerobic respirationand anaerobic respiration.
1.
Aerobic Respiration: This type of respiration happens in the presence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is converted
into carbon dioxide. Energy is released and water molecule is also formed at
the end of this process.
2.
Anaerobic Respiration: This type of respiration happens in the absence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is either
converted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Ethyl alcohol is usually formed in
case of anaerobic respiration in microbes; like yeast or bacteria.
Lactic acid is formed in some microbes as well as in the muscle cells.
Glucose (6 carbon molecule) ⇨
Pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) + Energy
Pyruvate (In yeast; lack of O2 ) ⇨ Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
Pyruvate (In muscles; lack of O2 ) ⇨ Lactic Acid + Energy
Pyruvate (In mitochondria; presence of O2 ) ⇨ Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
The equations for above reactions can be written as follows:
C6H12O6 ⇨ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
C6H12O6 ⇨ C2H5OH + CO2
C6H12O6 ⇨ CH3CHOHCOOH
Pain in Leg Muscles on Running: When someone runs too fast, he may experience a throbbing
pain the leg muscles. This happens because of anaerobic respiration taking place in the muscles. During
running, the energy demand from the muscle cells increases. This is compensated
by anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is formed in the process.
The deposition of lactic acid causes the pain the leg muscles. The pain
subsides after taking rest for some time.
Exchange of Gases: For aerobic respiration; organisms need a continuous supply of oxygen,
and carbon dioxide produced during the process needs to be removed from the
body. Different organisms use different methods for intake of oxygen and
expulsion of carbon dioxide. Diffusion is the method which is utilized by
unicellular and some simple organisms for this purpose. In plants also,
diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases. In complex animals, respiratory
system does the job of exchange of gases. Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes.
Fishes take in oxygen; which is dissolved in water; through gills. Since
availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment so the breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster. Insects have a system
of spiracles and tracheae which is used for taking in oxygen.
Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for
exchange of gases. Availability of oxygen is not a problem in the terrestrial
environment so breathing rate is slower compared to what it is in fishes.
Human Respiratory System:
The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs. These
are attached to a system of tubes which open on the outside through the
nostrils. Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:
Nostrils: There
two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The inner lining of the
nostrils is lined by hairs and remains wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus
and the hairs help in filtering the dust particles out from inhaled air.
Further, air is warmed up when it enters the nasal passage.
Pharynx: It is a tube like
structure which continues after the nasal passage.
Larynx: This part comes
after the pharynx. This is also called the voice box.
Trachea: This is composed
of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent the collapse of trachea in
the absence of air.
Bronchi: A pair of bronchi
comes out from the trachea; with one bronchus going to each lung.
Bronchioles: A
bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches; inside the lung.
Alveoli: These are air-sacs at the end of bronchioles. Alveolus is
composed of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood capillaries open.
This is alveolus; where oxygen mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits
from the blood. The exchange of gases; in alveoli; takes place due to pressure
differential.
Respiration
The process by which a living being utilizes the
food to get energy is called respiration. Respiration is an oxidation reaction in which carbohydrate is oxidized
to produce energy. Mitochondrion is the site of respiration and the energy released is stored in the form of ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate). ATP is stored in mitochondria and is released as per
need.
a.
Breaking down glucose
into pyruvate: This step happens in the cytoplasm. Glucose molecule is broken
down into pyruvic acid. Glucose molecule is composed of 6 carbon atoms, while
pyruvic acid is composed of 3 carbon atoms.
b.
Fate of Pyruvic Acid:
Further breaking down of pyruvic acid takes place in mitochondria and the
molecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a particular organism. Respiration is of two types, viz. aerobic respirationand anaerobic respiration.
1.
Aerobic Respiration: This type of respiration happens in the presence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is converted
into carbon dioxide. Energy is released and water molecule is also formed at
the end of this process.
2.
Anaerobic Respiration: This type of respiration happens in the absence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is either
converted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Ethyl alcohol is usually formed in
case of anaerobic respiration in microbes; like yeast or bacteria.
Lactic acid is formed in some microbes as well as in the muscle cells.
Glucose (6 carbon molecule) ⇨
Pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) + Energy
Pyruvate (In yeast; lack of O2 ) ⇨ Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
Pyruvate (In muscles; lack of O2 ) ⇨ Lactic Acid + Energy
Pyruvate (In mitochondria; presence of O2 ) ⇨ Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
The equations for above reactions can be written as follows:
C6H12O6 ⇨ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
C6H12O6 ⇨ C2H5OH + CO2
C6H12O6 ⇨ CH3CHOHCOOH
Pain in Leg Muscles on Running: When someone runs too fast, he may experience a throbbing
pain the leg muscles. This happens because of anaerobic respiration taking place in the muscles. During
running, the energy demand from the muscle cells increases. This is compensated
by anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is formed in the process.
The deposition of lactic acid causes the pain the leg muscles. The pain
subsides after taking rest for some time.
Exchange of Gases: For aerobic respiration; organisms need a continuous supply of oxygen,
and carbon dioxide produced during the process needs to be removed from the
body. Different organisms use different methods for intake of oxygen and
expulsion of carbon dioxide. Diffusion is the method which is utilized by
unicellular and some simple organisms for this purpose. In plants also,
diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases. In complex animals, respiratory
system does the job of exchange of gases. Gills are the respiratory organs for
fishes. Fishes take in oxygen; which is dissolved in water; through gills.
Since availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment so the breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster. Insects have a system
of spiracles and tracheae which is used for taking in oxygen.
Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for
exchange of gases. Availability of oxygen is not a problem in the terrestrial
environment so breathing rate is slower compared to what it is in fishes.
Human Respiratory System:
The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs. These
are attached to a system of tubes which open on the outside through the
nostrils. Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:
Nostrils: There
two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The inner lining of the
nostrils is lined by hairs and remains wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus
and the hairs help in filtering the dust particles out from inhaled air.
Further, air is warmed up when it enters the nasal passage.
Pharynx: It is a tube like
structure which continues after the nasal passage.
Larynx: This part comes
after the pharynx. This is also called the voice box.
Trachea: This is composed
of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent the collapse of trachea in
the absence of air.
Bronchi: A pair of bronchi
comes out from the trachea; with one bronchus going to each lung.
Bronchioles: A
bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches; inside the lung.
Alveoli: These are air-sacs at the end of bronchioles. Alveolus is
composed of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood capillaries open.
This is alveolus; where oxygen mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits
from the blood. The exchange of gases; in alveoli; takes place due to pressure
differential.
Breathing Mechanism:
The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and the intercostalis muscles. Diaphragm is a membrane which separates the thoracic chamber from the
abdominal cavity. When diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand and air is inhaled. When diaphragm moves up, the lungs contract and air is exhaled.
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