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Tuesday, 11 April 2017

notes on respiration for 10th and assigmnment

Assignment 5   for 10th
Q1 Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Q2 Draw labelled diagram of human respiratory system.
Respiration
The process by which a living being utilizes the food to get energy is called respirationRespiration is an oxidation reaction in which carbohydrate is oxidized to produce energy. Mitochondrion is the site of respiration and the energy released is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). ATP is stored in mitochondria and is released as per need.
Steps of Respiration:
a.    Breaking down glucose into pyruvate: This step happens in the cytoplasm. Glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid. Glucose molecule is composed of 6 carbon atoms, while pyruvic acid is composed of 3 carbon atoms.
b.    Fate of Pyruvic Acid: Further breaking down of pyruvic acid takes place in mitochondria and the molecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a particular organism. Respiration is of two types, viz. aerobic respirationand anaerobic respiration.

Types of Respiration:
1.    Aerobic Respiration: This type of respiration happens in the presence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is converted into carbon dioxide. Energy is released and water molecule is also formed at the end of this process.
2.    Anaerobic Respiration: This type of respiration happens in the absence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is either converted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Ethyl alcohol is usually formed in case of anaerobic respiration in microbes; like yeast or bacteria. Lactic acid is formed in some microbes as well as in the muscle cells.
Glucose (6 carbon molecule) Pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) + Energy
Pyruvate (In yeast; lack of O2 ) Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
Pyruvate (In muscles; lack of O2 ) Lactic Acid + Energy
Pyruvate (In mitochondria; presence of O2 ) Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
The equations for above reactions can be written as follows:
C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
C6H12O6  C2H5OH + CO2
C6H12O6  CH3CHOHCOOH
Pain in Leg Muscles on Running: When someone runs too fast, he may experience a throbbing pain the leg muscles. This happens because of anaerobic respiration taking place in the muscles. During running, the energy demand from the muscle cells increases. This is compensated by anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is formed in the process. The deposition of lactic acid causes the pain the leg muscles. The pain subsides after taking rest for some time.
Exchange of Gases: For aerobic respiration; organisms need a continuous supply of oxygen, and carbon dioxide produced during the process needs to be removed from the body. Different organisms use different methods for intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide. Diffusion is the method which is utilized by unicellular and some simple organisms for this purpose. In plants also, diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases. In complex animals, respiratory system does the job of exchange of gases. Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes. Fishes take in oxygen; which is dissolved in water; through gills. Since availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment so the breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster. Insects have a system of spiracles and tracheae which is used for taking in oxygen.
Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for exchange of gases. Availability of oxygen is not a problem in the terrestrial environment so breathing rate is slower compared to what it is in fishes.

Human Respiratory System:
The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs. These are attached to a system of tubes which open on the outside through the nostrils. Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:
Nostrils: There two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The inner lining of the nostrils is lined by hairs and remains wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus and the hairs help in filtering the dust particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is warmed up when it enters the nasal passage.
Pharynx: It is a tube like structure which continues after the nasal passage.
Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also called the voice box.
Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent the collapse of trachea in the absence of air.
Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea; with one bronchus going to each lung.
Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches; inside the lung.
Alveoli: These are air-sacs at the end of bronchioles. Alveolus is composed of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood capillaries open. This is alveolus; where oxygen mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits from the blood. The exchange of gases; in alveoli; takes place due to pressure differential.
Respiration
The process by which a living being utilizes the food to get energy is called respirationRespiration is an oxidation reaction in which carbohydrate is oxidized to produce energy. Mitochondrion is the site of respiration and the energy released is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate). ATP is stored in mitochondria and is released as per need.
Steps of Respiration:
a.    Breaking down glucose into pyruvate: This step happens in the cytoplasm. Glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid. Glucose molecule is composed of 6 carbon atoms, while pyruvic acid is composed of 3 carbon atoms.
b.    Fate of Pyruvic Acid: Further breaking down of pyruvic acid takes place in mitochondria and the molecules formed depend on the type of respiration in a particular organism. Respiration is of two types, viz. aerobic respirationand anaerobic respiration.

Types of Respiration:
1.    Aerobic Respiration: This type of respiration happens in the presence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is converted into carbon dioxide. Energy is released and water molecule is also formed at the end of this process.
2.    Anaerobic Respiration: This type of respiration happens in the absence of oxygen. Pyruvic acid is either converted into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Ethyl alcohol is usually formed in case of anaerobic respiration in microbes; like yeast or bacteria. Lactic acid is formed in some microbes as well as in the muscle cells.
Glucose (6 carbon molecule) Pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) + Energy
Pyruvate (In yeast; lack of O2 ) Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
Pyruvate (In muscles; lack of O2 ) Lactic Acid + Energy
Pyruvate (In mitochondria; presence of O2 ) Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
The equations for above reactions can be written as follows:
C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
C6H12O6  C2H5OH + CO2
C6H12O6  CH3CHOHCOOH
Pain in Leg Muscles on Running: When someone runs too fast, he may experience a throbbing pain the leg muscles. This happens because of anaerobic respiration taking place in the muscles. During running, the energy demand from the muscle cells increases. This is compensated by anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is formed in the process. The deposition of lactic acid causes the pain the leg muscles. The pain subsides after taking rest for some time.
Exchange of Gases: For aerobic respiration; organisms need a continuous supply of oxygen, and carbon dioxide produced during the process needs to be removed from the body. Different organisms use different methods for intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide. Diffusion is the method which is utilized by unicellular and some simple organisms for this purpose. In plants also, diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases. In complex animals, respiratory system does the job of exchange of gases. Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes. Fishes take in oxygen; which is dissolved in water; through gills. Since availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment so the breathing rate of aquatic organisms is faster. Insects have a system of spiracles and tracheae which is used for taking in oxygen.
Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for exchange of gases. Availability of oxygen is not a problem in the terrestrial environment so breathing rate is slower compared to what it is in fishes.

Human Respiratory System:
The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs. These are attached to a system of tubes which open on the outside through the nostrils. Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:
Nostrils: There two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The inner lining of the nostrils is lined by hairs and remains wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus and the hairs help in filtering the dust particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is warmed up when it enters the nasal passage.
Pharynx: It is a tube like structure which continues after the nasal passage.
Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also called the voice box.
Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent the collapse of trachea in the absence of air.
Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea; with one bronchus going to each lung.
Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches; inside the lung.
Alveoli: These are air-sacs at the end of bronchioles. Alveolus is composed of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood capillaries open. This is alveolus; where oxygen mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits from the blood. The exchange of gases; in alveoli; takes place due to pressure differential.
Breathing Mechanism: The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and the intercostalis muscles. Diaphragm is a membrane which separates the thoracic chamber from the abdominal cavity. When diaphragm moves down, the lungs expand and air is inhaled. When diaphragm moves up, the lungs contract and air is exhaled.

30 comments:

  1. Very helpful assignment mam.Thank you
    Lipika Rana
    X-A

    ReplyDelete
  2. Thankyou mam for these notes
    KHUSHI BHALLA
    X-f

    ReplyDelete
  3. Thnku mam for these notes!!!!!
    Shubham Goel
    10 F

    ReplyDelete
  4. Thank you mam for the notes as it will help us to study easily.
    Sumati chawla
    X-F

    ReplyDelete
  5. Mam pls post assignment for class 9
    Harsh Giri
    IX D

    ReplyDelete
  6. Very helpfull assignment mam
    Thank you
    # HIMANSHU VERMA
    X-F

    ReplyDelete
  7. Thank you mam for doing so much efforts for us
    Prisha
    X A

    ReplyDelete
  8. Thank you mam these notes are very good..!!
    shreya
    X- F

    ReplyDelete
  9. Thank you mam for such good notes
    Sarthak Srivastava
    X-A

    ReplyDelete
  10. Thank you mam for helpful assignment and class imformation

    ReplyDelete
  11. thank you so much mam for the assignment
    Aayushi
    10-A

    ReplyDelete
  12. thank you so much mam for the assignment
    Aayushi
    10-A

    ReplyDelete
  13. Thank you mam for assignment it's helpful. ..

    ReplyDelete
  14. thanku so much mam......
    PRIYA MISHRA 10F

    ReplyDelete
  15. Thanku so much mam for such good notes
    Prajya Chaudhary
    X-A

    ReplyDelete
  16. Thank u mam
    Yashika sharma 10A

    ReplyDelete
  17. Thank you so much mam for such helpful notes and assignments.

    ReplyDelete
  18. Thank you so much mam for such helpful notes and assignments.

    ReplyDelete
  19. Thnkuuu sooo much mam for such helpful notes....

    ReplyDelete
  20. Thank you mam for these helpful notes

    ReplyDelete
  21. These Notes Are Seriously Helping Me So Much In Studies!! Thanku So Much For Assignments.
    ANTRA
    10TH-F

    ReplyDelete