fragmentation ,regeneration ,spore formation class X (asexual reproduction)

In fragmentation ----simple multicellular organisms upon maturity  form more individuals from the broken segments eg Spirogyra .This is a very simple primitive method where multicellualar organism is very undifferentiated .

Regenaration ----A fully diffentiated organism has the capacity to give rise to a new individuals from their body parts .This type of reproduction is done by specialized cells eg in this case the simple organisms like Hydra and Planaria ,orgaanism can form many new organisms from their cut body parts




Q What is the difference between regeneration and fragmentation?

A  1 Regeneration occurs in multicellualar organisms with complex body design whereas fragmenation occurs in multicellular organisms with simple body design.

 2 In regenation if organism breaks into pieces the brken parts may or may not form full organism but in  fragmentation the organism if breaks into parts ,all the broken parts will form new organisms .

3 In regenation specialied cells proliferate and form mass of cells and from those mass of cells the new cells and tissues are diffentiated  are formed ,whereas in fragmentation no specialized cells are
involved eg fragmentation in Spirogyre and regeneration in Planaria


Spore formation ---In some multicellualar organisms like Rhizopus or bread mould  reproductive structures called sporangia grow on  thread like structures which develop on bread or any other food .These sporangia look like blobs on a stick .these sporangia bear spores which grow into new Rhizopus when they get dispersed. The spores are covered with thick coat to protect them from unfavourable conditions until they come in contact with moist conditions .


Q Why are spores covered with thick coat?

A the spores may have to face un favourable conditions ,therefore they protect themselves with coat to tide over  the unfavourable conditions and once the favourable conditions of moisture resume they dissolve the coat .

Vegetative propagation---
It is a method in which vegetative parts of parts like stem ,root ,leaf  are in involved in reproduction and giv rise to new individual .
vegetative propagation through stem----eg potato ,ginger,onion banana sugarcane
root ----mint ,carrot, raddish , sweet potato, beet root Dahlia, turnip
Leaf---Bryophyllum



Q what are the advantages of vegetative propagation?

A 1 Very useful and desired type of varieties can be multiplied by this method
2 Plants like banana ,sugarcane which donot reproduce through seeds can be multiplied by this mthod
3 very easy ,fast and economical method of reproduction
4 4 The plants like mango yield fruits much faster by this method rather than seeds .